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Science and technology in the United Kingdom has a long history, producing many important figures and developments in the field. Major theorists from the UK include Isaac Newton whose laws of motion and illumination of gravity have been seen as a keystone of modern science and Charles Darwin whose theory of evolution by natural selection was fundamental to the development of modern biology. Major scientific discoveries include hydrogen by Henry Cavendish, penicillin by Alexander Fleming, and the structure of DNA, by Francis Crick and others. Major engineering projects and applications pursued by people from the UK include the steam locomotive developed by Richard Trevithick and Andrew Vivian, the jet engine by Frank Whittle and the World Wide Web by Tim Berners-Lee. The UK continues to play a major role in the development of science and technology and major technological sectors include the aerospace, motor and pharmaceutical industries. ==Important advances made by people from the UK== England and Scotland were leading centres of the Scientific Revolution from the 17th century〔J. Gascoin, "A reappraisal of the role of the universities in the Scientific Revolution", in David C. Lindberg and Robert S. Westman, eds, ''Reappraisals of the Scientific Revolution'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), ISBN 0-521-34804-8, p. 248.〕 and the United Kingdom led the Industrial Revolution from the 18th century,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=European Countries – United Kingdom )〕 and has continued to produce scientists and engineers credited with important advances.〔E. E. Reynolds and N. H. Brasher, ''Britain in the Twentieth Century, 1900–1964'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966), p. 336.〕 Some of the major theories, discoveries and applications advanced by people from the UK are given below. * The laws of motion and illumination of gravity, by physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist and theologian, Sir Isaac Newton (1643–1727).〔E. A. Burtt, (''The Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Science'' ) (Mineola, NY: Courier Dover, 1924, rpt., 2003), ISBN 0-486-42551-7, p. 207.〕 * The discovery of hydrogen, by Henry Cavendish (1731–1810).〔C. Jungnickel and R. McCormmach, (''Cavendish'' ) (American Philosophical Society, 1996), ISBN 0-87169-220-1.〕 * The steam locomotive, by Richard Trevithick (1771–1833) and Andrew Vivian (1759–1842).〔I. James, ''Remarkable Engineers: From Riquet to Shannon'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), ISBN 0-521-73165-8, pp. 33–6.〕 * The electric motor, by Michael Faraday (1771–1867), who largely made electricity viable for use in technology.〔B. Bova, ''The Story of Light'' (Sourcebooks, 1932, rpt., 2002), ISBN 1-4022-0009-9, p. 238.〕 * The theory of aerodynamics, by Sir George Cayley (1773–1857).〔Ackroyd, J.A.D. (Sir George Cayley, the father of Aeronautics ) ''Notes Rec. R. Soc. Lond. 56 (2), 167–181'' (2002). Retrieved: 29 May 2010.〕 * The first public steam railway, by George Stephenson (1781–1848). * The first commercial electrical telegraph, co-invented by Sir William Fothergill Cooke (1806–79) and Charles Wheatstone (1802–75).〔Hubbard, Geoffrey (1965) ''Cooke and Wheatstone and the Invention of the Electric Telegraph,'' Routledge & Kegan Paul, London p. 78〕〔(The electric telegraph, forerunner of the internet, celebrates 170 years ) BT Group Connected Earth Online Museum - Retrieved March 2010〕 * First tunnel under a navigable river, first all iron ship and first railway to run express services, contributed to by Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806–59).〔R. Tames, ''Isambard Kingdom Brunel'' (Osprey Publishing, 3rd edn., 2009), ISBN 0-7478-0758-2.〕 * Evolution by natural selection, by Charles Darwin (1809–82).〔C. Hatt, (''Scientists and Their Discoveries'' ) (London: Evans Brothers, 2006), ISBN 0-237-53195-X, p. 46.〕 * The invention of the incandescent light bulb, by Joseph Swan (1826–1914).〔 * The unification of electromagnetism, by James Clerk Maxwell (1831–79).〔C. Hatt, (''Scientists and Their Discoveries'' ) (London: Evans Brothers, 2006), ISBN 0-237-53195-X, p. 30.〕 * The first practical telephone, patented by Alexander Graham Bell (1847–1922).〔.〕 * The discovery of penicillin, by biologist and pharmacologist, Sir Alexander Fleming (1881–1955).〔.〕 * The world's first working television system, and colour television, by John Logie Baird (1888–1946).〔.〕〔(The World's First High Definition Colour Television System ) McLean, p. 196.〕 * The first meaningful synthesis of quantum mechanics with special relativity by Paul Dirac (1902–84) in the equation named after him, and his subsequent prediction of antimatter.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1933 )〕 * The invention of the jet engine, by Frank Whittle (1907–96).〔 * The invention of the hovercraft, by Christopher Cockerell (1910–99).〔("Sir Christopher Sydney Cockerell" ), ''Hovercraft Museum'', retrieved 24 June 2011.〕 * The colossus computer, by Alan Turing (1912–54), the first digital computer (a code breaker in WWII made in Bletchley Park) computer.〔Jeffrey Cole, (''Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia'' ) (London: ABC-CLIO, 2011), ISBN 1-59884-302-8, p. 121.〕 * The structure of DNA, by Francis Crick (1916–2004) and others.〔C. Hatt, (''Scientists and Their Discoveries'' ) (London: Evans Brothers, 2006), ISBN 0-237-53195-X, p. 56.〕 * The theoretical breakthrough of the Higgs mechanism to explain electroweak symmetry breaking and why some particles have mass, by Peter Higgs (1929-).〔Griffiths, Martin (20070501) (physicsworld.com The Tale of the Blog's Boson ) Retrieved on 2008-05-27.〕 * Theories in cosmology, quantum gravity and black holes, by Stephen Hawking (1942–).〔C. Hatt, (''Scientists and Their Discoveries'' ) (London: Evans Brothers, 2006), ISBN 0-237-53195-X, p. 16.〕 * The invention of the World Wide Web, by Tim Berners-Lee (1989).〔webfoundation.org/.../history-of-the-web〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Science and technology in the United Kingdom」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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